Molecular testing is a specialized area in pathology focusing on analyzing DNA, RNA, and proteins to diagnose diseases and guide treatment. This advanced testing is especially valuable in areas like cancer, infectious diseases, and genetic disorders, enabling early and accurate diagnoses.

Key Molecular Tests

1. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Amplifies DNA to detect pathogens and genetic mutations.
2. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): Analyzes genetic material for mutations, especially in cancer.
3. FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization): Detects chromosomal abnormalities, mainly in oncology.
4. qPCR (Quantitative PCR): Measures DNA/RNA levels, valuable in monitoring infections.
5. Sanger Sequencing: Identifies single-gene mutations for genetic disorders.

Applications

• Oncology: Detects mutations to guide cancer treatment. Molecular tests play a significant role in identifying cancerous mutations, understanding tumor biology, and selecting targeted therapies. Testing for mutations in genes like BRCA1/2, EGFR, and KRAS aids in choosing the most effective treatment plan.
• Infectious Diseases: Identifies viruses/bacteria quickly and accurately. PCR and qPCR are widely used in detecting infections such as HIV, HPV, and tuberculosis, providing faster and more accurate results than conventional methods.
• Genetic Disorders: Finds hereditary mutations, aiding diagnosis.
• Personalized Medicine: Supports customized drug therapies.